{"article":{"id":198490,"heading":" Reflexiones de Fidel Castro, HOY en la Mesa Redonda...","author":"posted by F Espinoza","created":"2007-05-09 16:22:45","modified":"2013-11-11 00:48:27","last_modified":"Mon, 11 Nov 2013 07:48:27","article":"<p>Reflexiones de Fidel Castro, HOY en la Mesa Redonda...   <br><br>  <br>  <br>                  <br>  <br> La tragedia que amenaza a nuestra especie.  <br><br> No puedo hablar como economista o como cient&iacute;fico.  Lo hago simplemente como pol&iacute;tico que desea desentra&ntilde;ar los argumentos de los economistas y los cient&iacute;ficos en un sentido u otro.  Tambi&eacute;n trato de intuir las motivaciones de cada uno de los que se pronuncian sobre estos temas.  Hace solo veintid&oacute;s a&ntilde;os sostuvimos en Ciudad de La Habana gran n&uacute;mero de reuniones con l&iacute;deres pol&iacute;ticos, sindicales, campesinos, estudiantiles, invitados a nuestro pa&iacute;s como representantes de los sectores mencionados.  A juicio de todos, el problema m&aacute;s importante en aquel momento era la enorme deuda externa acumulada por los pa&iacute;ses de Am&eacute;rica Latina en 1985.  Esa deuda ascend&iacute;a a 350 mil millones de d&oacute;lares.  Entonces los d&oacute;lares ten&iacute;an un poder adquisitivo muy superior al d&oacute;lar de hoy. <br>  <br> De los resultados de aquellas reuniones enviamos copia a todos los gobiernos del mundo, con algunas excepciones como es l&oacute;gico, porque habr&iacute;an parecido insultantes.  En aquel per&iacute;odo los petrod&oacute;lares hab&iacute;an inundado el mercado y las grandes transnacionales bancarias pr&aacute;cticamente exig&iacute;an a los pa&iacute;ses la aceptaci&oacute;n de elevados pr&eacute;stamos.  De m&aacute;s est&aacute; decir que los responsables de la econom&iacute;a aceptaron tales compromisos sin consultar con nadie.  Esa &eacute;poca coincidi&oacute; con la presencia de los gobiernos m&aacute;s represivos y sangrientos que ha sufrido el continente, impuestos por el imperialismo.  No pocas sumas se gastaron en armas, lujos y bienes de consumo.  El endeudamiento posterior creci&oacute; hasta 800 mil millones de d&oacute;lares mientras se engendraban los catastr&oacute;ficos peligros actuales, que pesan sobre una poblaci&oacute;n que en apenas dos d&eacute;cadas y media se ha duplicado y con ella el n&uacute;mero de los condenados a vivir en extrema pobreza.  En la regi&oacute;n de Am&eacute;rica Latina la diferencia entre los sectores de la poblaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s favorecida y los de menos ingresos es hoy la mayor del mundo. <br>  <br> Mucho antes que lo que ahora se debate, las luchas del Tercer Mundo se centraban en problemas igualmente angustiosos como el intercambio desigual.  A&ntilde;o tras a&ntilde;o se fue descubriendo que las exportaciones de los pa&iacute;ses industrializados, elaboradas generalmente con nuestras materias primas, se elevaban unilateralmente de precio mientras el de nuestras exportaciones b&aacute;sicas se manten&iacute;a inalterable.  El caf&eacute; y el cacao &#8213;para citar dos ejemplos&#8213; alcanzaban aproximadamente 2 mil d&oacute;lares por tonelada.  Una taza de caf&eacute;, un batido de chocolate, se pod&iacute;an consumir en ciudades como Nueva York por unos centavos; hoy se cobra por ellos varios d&oacute;lares, quiz&aacute;s 30 o 40 veces lo que costaba entonces.  Un tractor, un cami&oacute;n, un equipo m&eacute;dico, requieren hoy para su adquisici&oacute;n varias veces el volumen de productos que se necesitaba entonces para importarlos;  parecida suerte corr&iacute;an el yute, el henequ&eacute;n y otras fibras producidas en el Tercer Mundo y sustituidas por las de car&aacute;cter sint&eacute;tico.  Mientras, los cueros curtidos, el caucho y las fibras naturales que se usaban en muchos tejidos eran sustituidos por material sint&eacute;tico de sofisticadas industrias petroqu&iacute;micas.  Los precios del az&uacute;car rodaban por el suelo, aplastados por los grandes subsidios de los pa&iacute;ses industrializados a su agricultura. <br>  <br> Las antiguas colonias o neocolonias, a quienes se les prometi&oacute; un porvenir maravilloso despu&eacute;s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, no despertaban todav&iacute;a de las ilusiones de Bretton Woods.  El sistema estaba dise&ntilde;ado de pies a cabeza para la explotaci&oacute;n y el saqueo. <br>  <br> Al inicio de esta toma de conciencia no hab&iacute;an aparecido todav&iacute;a otros factores sumamente adversos, como el insospechado derroche de energ&iacute;a en que caer&iacute;an los pa&iacute;ses industrializados.  Estos pagaban el petr&oacute;leo a menos de dos d&oacute;lares el barril.  La fuente de combustible, con excepci&oacute;n de Estados Unidos donde era muy abundante, estaba fundamentalmente en pa&iacute;ses del Tercer Mundo, principalmente en el Oriente Medio, adem&aacute;s de M&eacute;xico, Venezuela y ulteriormente en &Aacute;frica.  Pero no todos los pa&iacute;ses calificados en virtud de otra mentira piadosa como &ldquo;pa&iacute;ses en desarrollo&rdquo; eran petroleros, 82 de ellos son los m&aacute;s pobres y como norma necesitan importar petr&oacute;leo.  Les espera por tanto una situaci&oacute;n terrible si los alimentos se transforman en biocombustibles, o agrocombustibles como prefieren llamarlos los movimientos campesinos e ind&iacute;genas de nuestra regi&oacute;n. <br>  <br> La idea del calentamiento global como terrible espada de Damocles que pende sobre la vida de la especie, hace apenas 30 a&ntilde;os ni siquiera era conocida por la inmensa mayor&iacute;a de los habitantes del planeta;  a&uacute;n hoy existe gran ignorancia y confusi&oacute;n sobre estos temas.  Si se escucha a los voceros de las transnacionales y su aparato de divulgaci&oacute;n, vivimos en el mejor de los mundos:  una econom&iacute;a regida por el mercado, m&aacute;s capital transnacional, m&aacute;s tecnolog&iacute;a sofisticada, igual a crecimiento constante de la productividad, del PIB, del nivel de vida y todos los sue&ntilde;os del mundo para la especie humana;  el Estado no debe interponerse en nada, no debiera incluso existir, excepto como instrumento del gran capital financiero.   <br>  <br> Pero las realidades son tercas.  Uno de los pa&iacute;ses m&aacute;s industrializados del mundo, Alemania, pierde el sue&ntilde;o ante el hecho de que un 10 por ciento de la poblaci&oacute;n est&aacute; desempleada.  Los trabajos m&aacute;s duros y menos atractivos son desempe&ntilde;ados por los inmigrantes que, desesperados en su creciente pobreza, penetran en la Europa industrializada por todos los agujeros posibles.  Nadie saca al parecer la cuenta del n&uacute;mero de habitantes del planeta, que crece precisamente en los pa&iacute;ses no desarrollados.   <br>  <br> M&aacute;s de 700 representantes de organizaciones sociales se acaban de reunir en La Habana para discutir sobre varios de los temas que en esta reflexi&oacute;n se abordan.  Muchos de ellos expusieron sus puntos de vista y dejaron entre nosotros imborrables impresiones.  Hay material abundante sobre el cual reflexionar, adem&aacute;s de los nuevos sucesos que ocurren cada d&iacute;a.   <br>  <br> Ahora mismo, como consecuencia de la puesta en libertad de un monstruo del terror, dos personas j&oacute;venes que cumpl&iacute;an un deber legal en el Servicio Militar Activo, aspirando a disfrutar del consumismo en Estados Unidos, asaltaron un &oacute;mnibus, forzaron con su impacto una de las puertas de entrada de la terminal de vuelos nacionales del aeropuerto, llegaron hasta un avi&oacute;n civil y penetraron en &eacute;l con los rehenes, exigiendo el traslado al territorio norteamericano.  D&iacute;as antes hab&iacute;an asesinado a un soldado que estaba de posta, para robar dos fusiles autom&aacute;ticos, y en el propio avi&oacute;n privaron de la vida con cuatro disparos a un valiente oficial que, desarmado y capturado como reh&eacute;n en el &oacute;mnibus, intent&oacute; evitar el secuestro de la nave a&eacute;rea.  La impunidad y los beneficios materiales con que se premia desde hace casi medio siglo toda acci&oacute;n violenta contra Cuba, estimula tales hechos.  Hac&iacute;a muchos meses no ocurr&iacute;a nada parecido.  Bast&oacute; la ins&oacute;lita liberaci&oacute;n del conocido terrorista, y de nuevo la muerte visit&oacute; nuestros hogares.  Los autores no han sido juzgados todav&iacute;a, porque en el transcurso de los hechos ambos resultaron heridos, uno de ellos por los disparos que hizo el otro dentro del avi&oacute;n, mientras luchaban contra el heroico oficial de las fuerzas armadas.  Ahora muchas personas en el exterior esperan la reacci&oacute;n de los Tribunales y el Consejo de Estado ante un pueblo profundamente indignado con los acontecimientos.  Hace falta una gran dosis de serenidad y sangre fr&iacute;a para enfrentar tales problemas. <br>  <br> El apocal&iacute;ptico jefe del imperio declar&oacute; hace m&aacute;s de cinco a&ntilde;os que las fuerzas de Estados Unidos deb&iacute;an estar listas para atacar preventiva y sorpresivamente 60 o m&aacute;s pa&iacute;ses del mundo.  Nada menos que un tercio de la comunidad internacional.  No le bastan, al parecer, la muerte, las torturas y el destierro de millones de personas para apoderarse de los recursos naturales y los frutos del sudor de otros pueblos.   <br>  <br> Mientras tanto el impresionante encuentro internacional que acaba de tener lugar en La Habana reafirm&oacute; en m&iacute; una convicci&oacute;n personal:  toda idea siniestra debe ser sometida a cr&iacute;ticas demoledoras sin concesi&oacute;n alguna. <br><br> Fidel Castro Ruz <br><br> 7 de mayo del 2007 <br><br> 5:42 p.m. <br><br>  <br><br>  <br>  <br>      Reflections by Fidel Castro Ruz <br>  <br>   <br>  <br>   The tragedy threatening our species. <br><br> I cannot speak as an economist or a scientist. I simply speak as a politician who wishes to unravel the economists&rsquo; and scientists&rsquo; arguments one way or another. I also try to sense the motivations of each one of those who make statements on these matters. Just twenty-two years ago, here in Havana, we had a great number of meetings with political, union, peasant and student leaders invited to our country as representatives of these sectors.  They all agreed that the most important problem at that time was the enormous foreign debt accumulated by the nations of Latin America in 1985. That debt amounted to 350 billion dollars.  The dollar then had a higher purchasing power than it does today.   <br>  <br> A copy of the outcome of those meetings was sent to all the world governments, of course with some exceptions, because it might have seemed insulting. At that time, the petrodollars had flooded the market and the large transnational banks were virtually demanding that the countries accept high loans. Needless to say, the people responsible for the economy had taken on those commitments without consulting anybody. That period coincided with the presence of the most repressive and bloody governments this continent has ever suffered, installed by imperialism. Large sums were spent on weapons, luxuries and consumer goods. The subsequent debt grew to 800 billion dollars while today&rsquo;s catastrophic dangers were being hatched, the dangers that weigh upon a population that doubled in just two decades and along with it, the number of those condemned to a life of extreme poverty. Today, in the Latin American region, the difference between the most favored population and the one with the lowest income is the greatest in the world. <br>  <br> Many years before the subjects of today&rsquo;s debates were center stage, the struggles of the Third World focused on equally agonizing problems like the unequal exchange. Year after year it was discovered that the price of the industrialized nations&rsquo; exports, usually manufactured with our raw materials, would unilaterally grow while our basic exports remained unchanged.  The price of coffee and cacao, just to mention two examples, was approximately 2,000 dollars a ton.  A cup of coffee or a chocolate milkshake could be bought in cities like New York for a few cents; today, these cost several dollars, perhaps 30 or 40 times what they cost back then. Today, the purchase of a tractor, a truck or medical equipment require several times the volume of products that was needed to import them back then; jute, henequen and other Third World produced fibers that were substituted by synthetic ones succumbed to the same fate. In the meantime, tanned hides, rubber and natural fibers used in many textiles were being replaced by synthetic materials derived from the sophisticated petrochemical industry while sugar prices hit rock bottom, crushed by the large subsidies granted by the industrialized countries to their agricultural sector. <br>  <br> The former colonies or neocolonies that had been promised a glowing future after World War II had not yet awakened from the Bretton Woods dream.  From top to bottom, the system had been designed for exploitation and plundering. <br>  <br> When consciousness was beginning to be roused, the other extremely adverse factors had not yet surfaced, such as the undreamed-of squandering of energy that industrialized countries had fallen prey to. They were paying less than two dollars a barrel of oil. The source of fuel, with the exception of the United States where it was very abundant, was basically in Third World countries, chiefly in the Middle East but also in Mexico, Venezuela, and later in Africa. But not all of the countries that by virtue of yet another white lie classified as &ldquo;developing countries&rdquo; were oil producers, since 82 of them are among the poorest and as a rule they must import oil. A terrible situation awaits them if food stuffs are to be transformed into biofuels or agrifuels, as the peasant and native movements in our region prefer to call them. <br>  <br> Thirty years ago, the idea of global warming hanging over our species&rsquo; life like a sword of Damocles was not even known by the immense majority of the inhabitants of our planet; even today there is great ignorance and confusion about these issues. If we listen to the spokesmen of the transnationals and their media, we are living in the best of all possible worlds: an economy ruled by the market, plus transnational capital, plus sophisticated technology equals a constant growth of productivity, higher GDP, higher living standards and every dream of the human species come true; the state should not interfere with anything, it should not even exist, other than as an instrument of the large financial capital. <br>  <br> But reality is hard-headed. Germany, one of the most highly industrialized countries in the world, loses sleep over its 10 percent unemployment. The toughest and least attractive jobs are taken by immigrants who, desperate in their growing poverty, break into industrialized Europe through any possible chink. Apparently, nobody is taking note of the number of inhabitants on our planet, growing precisely in the undeveloped countries. <br>  <br> More than 700 representatives of social organizations have just been meeting in Havana to discuss various issues raised in this reflection. Many of them set out their points of view and left indelible impressions on us. There is plenty of material to reflect upon as well as new events happening every day. <br>  <br> Even now, as a consequence of liberating a terrorist monster, two young men, who were fulfilling their legal duty in the Active Military Service, anxious to taste consumerism in the United States, hijacked a bus, crashed through one of the doors of the domestic flights terminal at the airport, drove up to a civilian aircraft and got on board with their hostages, demanding to be taken to the United States. A few days earlier, they had killed a soldier, who was standing guard, to steal two automatic weapons, and in the plane they fired four shots that killed a brave officer who, unarmed and held hostage in the bus, had attempted to prevent the plane&rsquo;s hijacking.  The impunity and the material gains that have rewarded any violent action against Cuba during the last half-century encourage such events.  It had been many months since we had such an incident. All it needed was setting a notorious terrorist free and once again death come calling at our door. The perpetrators have not gone on trial yet because, in the course of events, both were wounded; one of them was shot by the other as he fired inside the plane, while they were struggling with the heroic army officer. Now, many people abroad are waiting for the reaction of our Courts and of the Council of State, while our people here are deeply outraged with these events. We really need a large dose of calmness and sangfroid to confront these problems. <br>  <br> The apocalyptic head of the empire declared more than five years ago that the United States armed forces had to be on the ready to make pre-emptive attacks on 60 or more countries in the world; nothing less than one third of the international community. Apparently, he is not satisfied with the death, the torture and the uprooting of millions of people to seize their natural resources and the product of their labors. <br>  <br> Meanwhile, the impressive international meeting that just concluded in Havana reaffirmed my personal conviction: every evil idea must be submitted to devastating criticism, avoiding any concession. <br>  <br>   <br>  <br>   <br>  <br> Fidel Castro Ruz <br><br> May 7, 2007. <br><br>  <br><br>  <br><br> Esta tarde, en la Mesa Redonda, repercusi&oacute;n de las reflexiones del Comandante en Jefe, Fidel Castro Ruz. <br><br> Hoy, a las 6:30 p.m. (hora de CUBA), tendr&aacute; lugar una Mesa Redonda Informativa con la repercusi&oacute;n de las Reflexiones del Comandante en Jefe sobre temas cruciales para la humanidad, publicadas en las ediciones de este martes de Granma y Juventud Rebelde. Esta Mesa Redonda ser&aacute; transmitida por Cubavisi&oacute;n, el Canal Educativo, Cubavisi&oacute;n Internacional, Radio Rebelde y Radio Habana Cuba. <br><br> Sintonizar en: <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rrebelde.cu\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.rrebelde.cu<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.radioprogreso.cu\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.radioprogreso.cu<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.radiohc.cu\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.radiohc.cu<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rhc.cu\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.rhc.cu\/<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cubavision.cubaweb.cu\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.cubavision.cubaweb.cu<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mesaredonda.cu\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.mesaredonda.cu<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.juventudrebelde.cu\/tv\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.juventudrebelde.cu\/tv\/<\/a> <br><br> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cubainformacion.tv\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.cubainformacion.tv\/<\/a> <br><br>  <br><br>  <br><br>  <br><br> <\/p>\n","contact":"","link":"","address":"","phone":"","parent_id":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","summary":" En la regi\u00f3n de Am\u00e9rica Latina la diferencia entre los sectores de la poblaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s favorecida y los de menos ingresos es hoy la mayor del mundo.","numcomment":0,"fileurl":"\/uploads\/2007\/05\/fidel_castro_r.jpg","filesize":"21.8 kibibytes","article_url":"\/news\/2007\/05\/198490.php","image":{"original":"\/uploads\/2007\/05\/fidel_castro_r.jpg","small":"\/uploads\/2007\/05\/fidel_castro_r.jpgthumb.jpg"}},"attachments":[{"id":198491,"heading":"Cuba Libre, Digna y Solidaria","article":"","author":"posted by F Espinoza","parent_id":198490,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","created":"2007-05-09 16:22:46","modified":"2007-05-09 16:22:46","fileurl":"\/usr\/local\/www-domains\/la.indymedia.org\/public\/uploads\/2007\/05\/imm022_23.jpg","image":{"original":"\/usr\/local\/www-domains\/la.indymedia.org\/public\/uploads\/2007\/05\/imm022_23.jpg"}}],"comments":[]}