Letter to Javier Sicilia from Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos (tags)
Today Subcomandante Marcos with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation wrote a letter to Mexican poet and journalist Javier Sicilia. In it he announces the participation of the Zapatistas and the Other Campaign in the mass mobilizations against the drug war that will take place throughout the country in early May.
Announcing 40 Scholarships in Authentic Journalism in Mexico, May 2011 (tags)
Ten Days of Intensive Training in Central Mexico: Video Production, Investigative & Online Reporting, and Movement Strategies for Journalists
Haití Can Awaken from the Dark Night of the Boar (tags)
Haití Can Awaken from the Dark Night of the Boar by Amanda Huerta "In 1986, Duvalier Jr. was toppled by a popular uprising, that watched the continuance of the dictatorship for two more years until in 1988 Leslie Manigat was elected to the presidency of the Republic, a noble government that was toppled by General Henri Namphy who was replaced that same September by General Prosper Avril. Avril, in power until 1990, had to contend with new revolts. His resignation opened the path to elections under international control and an apparent normalization of political life. Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a Catholic priest who had advocated for the poor, obtained a brilliant victory in December of 1990. Coups d’etat, forced exile and return to power were all part of the first Aristide term, who was succeeded by René Preval. Aristide returned to power democratically, and in 2004 a coup d’etat organized and covered by the US obligated him to resign. In this brief summary of the history of Haiti I omitted “small details” like the economic embargos, assassinations, persecutions, etcetera. Since 2004 the Haitian people have lived, anew, under old and new military occupations at the hands of the US, a country that to this day remains in military control with the collaboration (by omission or commission) of the UN and allied countries. This same North American occupation force is that which today controls the airport, impeding and/or delaying the arrival of aid for Haiti, as has been denounced by the government of France and an infinity of journalists and reporters in Port au Prince."
Ten Days Left to Apply to the 2010 School of Authentic Journalism (tags)
It is a herald of the hour we live in that the New York Times has to lay off eight percent of its news reporters but the Narco News School of Authentic Journalism is out scouting and recruiting for a different kind of journalism that is growing and on the ascent.
“We’re Looking For the ‘President of Employment’” (tags)
"The government-owned Federal Electricity Commission will be in charge of providing electricity to central Mexico. However, according to the SME’s Secretary General Martin Esparza, “An electrician isn’t made overnight. They calculated wrong and they could spark a social conflict on a grand scale if the blackouts continue.” The first such conflict appeared on Wednesday in Ocoyocoac county in the State of Mexico, where residents blocked the Mexico-Toluca freeway for three hours to protest a blackout. What was clear yesterday afternoon is that Calderon’s decree provoked feelings of unity between the SME, the working class, and civil society in general. Those hundreds of thousands in the Zocalo plaza indicate that people are fed up with Calderon’s structural adjustments. Mexican society took to the streets, where struggles are won, and were doña Lucia, the eighty-something-year-old wife of a SME retiree, told Narco News, “We’re looking for the ‘president of employment,’ but we just can’t find him.” Translator’s notes: 1. FECAL is one of President Felipe Calderon’s nicknames, formed by combining the first two letters of his first name and the first three letters of his last name. And yes, “Fecal” means the same thing in Spanish that it does in English. 2. France’s Napoleon III declared Maximiliano de Habsburgo “emperor of Mexico” in 1864. Mexicans executed him in 1867."
Behind the Coup Regime Curtain (tags)
"Providing an example of what else these citizens in civil resistance are up against, the pro-coup media then takes the demonstrators’ attempt to remain within the coup decree’s 20-person limit on public assemblies, and portrays it as a sign that the resistance has lost steam. The daily Heraldo, for example, covered that same demonstration with these dishonest words: “The security lines remain, and an important number of national and international journalists, and, of course, demonstrations, which are already almost insignificant for the number of participants."
Honduran government hires fiction writer to hawk coup regime (tags)
"On this morning, three months later, it was déjà vu all over again, as those same military troops reenacted the battle of June 28, busting down the doors of both broadcasters and this time removing their transmitters and equipment. And soldiers have surrounded both houses of media to prevent the people from retaking them. The coup regime is now clinging to power illegitimately, threatened on every front by truth and justice, which means it must create an illusion of democratic sanction, and so, it has inked a $292,000 contract with CLSA, calling on the PR firm to “diseñar una campaña de persuasión” [build a campaign of persuasion]."
Honduran Coup Regime Mocks UN Security Council with Embassy Attacks (tags)
"These evidences and the eye-witness testimonies, including that of the doctor and the priest, demonstrate convincingly that while the Honduran coup regime issues emphatic denials of such attacks on the sovereign embassy of Brazil, it is clearly engaging in them nonetheless. The UN Security Council should not need any high tech apparatus of its own to be able to see and hear what is really going on at ground level, and respond accordingly to the coup regime's mockery of it."
The President Has Returned: All Hell Breaks Loose in Honduras! (tags)
"This is a textbook example of what we've referred to before as "dilemma actions." It puts the coup regime on the horns of a dilemma, in which it has no good options. It can leave Zelaya to put together his government again from the Brazilian embassy with the active support of so many sectors of Honduran civil society, or it can try to arrest the President, provoking a nonviolent insurrection from the people of the kind that has toppled many a regime throughout history. Minute by minute, hour by hour, and, soon, day by day, the coup regime is losing its grip. At some point it will have to choose either to unleash a terrible violent wave of state terrorism upon the country's own people - which will provoke all out insurrection in response (guaranteed by Article 3 of the Honduran Constitution) - or Micheletti and his Simian Council can start packing their bags and seeking asylum someplace like Panama. Meanwhile, the people are coming down from the hills to meet their elected president. This, kind readers, is immediate history."
Announcing 24 Scholarships in Authentic Journalism for February of 2010 (tags)
Today we announce that Narco News will grant 24 scholarships for up-and-coming journalists and communicators to attend a ten-day session of the School of Authentic Journalism on February 3 to 13 of 2010 on Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula.
Money talks in U.S. policy toward Honduran putsch regime (tags)
"So, in effect, since the earliest days of the coup regime in Honduras, the U.S. has done little more than repackage and rebroadcast the same aid cuts to appease the media and to compliment its rhetorical position of being against the coup. But behind the scenes, the economic effect of the aid cuts has been little more than symbolic posturing." "Henry Kissinger was brutally honest about the U.S. diplomatic reality in Latin America, when commenting decades ago on the government of democratically elected President Salvador Allende of Chile — who was overthrown in a 1973 U.S.-backed coup that led to Allende’s assassination and a subsequent reign of terror by the dictator General Augusto Pinochet. I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for themselves." Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon Under Secretary of State Clinton, that fundamentally anti-democratic foreign policy appears to continue to be the status quo for Latin America — absent a much more hands-on effort to change that course by the president of the United States.
Amazing Organizing in Honduras (tags)
“Who led the march?” he asked, then answering: “The young people, and also children and senior citizens did. We went into the streets with our drums. Our drums have accompanied this process since the beginning. Last night at this event’s inauguration the energy was high because our culture was here with us, and with us the voices of the ancestors, as we go forward constructing the new nation, the new community. A better future for the community depends on each one of you.”
U.S. Still Supports the Coup! (tags)
"Agency bankrolling “good governance” programs to ensure the “rule of law in the country” The taxpayer-funded Millennium Challenge Corporation has continued to move millions of dollars into Honduras since the June 28 coup d'état, but it is not alone, Narco News has now confirmed. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is slated to provide Honduras with nearly $47 million in funding in fiscal 2009, which ends Sept. 30, 2009. Nearly all of that money (some $43 million) is scheduled to be delivered as previously planned to Honduras — which is now under the leadership of a putsch regime that President Obama has already described as “not legal.”
Juan and Pedro Enter the Honduras Oil Import Business, Coup d’Etat Follows (tags)
"Padre Fausto later chronicled his own share of detentions, which included being kidnapped by paramilitaries in Honduras in 1981 on charges of inciting guerrilla activity based on his concern for campesino and indigenous rights. In captivity, Fausto was subjected to a schedule of sitting in rooms with torture instruments and being removed whenever someone needed to be tortured physically rather than psychologically. He subsequently spent a number of years in exile in Mexico; as for other Hondurans in exile, Fausto boasted that Zelaya had spoken with him and other Hondurans for four hours the previous day in Managua, neglecting a group of visiting European parliamentarians."
Cracks in the Honduran Coup Regime Grow Wider (tags)
"Micheletti is in fact declaring the military a scapegoat for doing just once what Micheletti himself has ordered them to do a second and third time. He doesn’t really want Zelaya to stand trial because, first, the so-called evidence against the President is flimsy and falsified, and, second, because the regime fears that the very people of Honduras might assemble to break down any wall that might hold their elected president."
Urgent Plea from Radio Progreso (Honduras) (tags)
"All of the sudden, Gustavo Cardoza said that a policeman was pointing his weapon at him and immediately reported that other police were coming after him. Our reporter tried to run, and told them that he was a reporter for Radio Progreso. It was then that we heard his cries, and the blows that our reporter was receiving."
Urgent Plea from Radio Progreso (Honduras) (tags)
"All of the sudden, Gustavo Cardoza said that a policeman was pointing his weapon at him and immediately reported that other police were coming after him. Our reporter tried to run, and told them that he was a reporter for Radio Progreso. It was then that we heard his cries, and the blows that our reporter was receiving. The transmission from our reporter was abruptly suspended."
Whose the Real Hypocrite Secretary Clinton? (tags)
"In the context of President Obama’s statement last weekend that those who urge the US to take stronger action against the Honduras coup regime “think that it’s appropriate for us to suddenly act in ways that in every other context they consider inappropriate,” calling it “hypocrisy.” The revelation that Clinton and MCC have already sanctioned the elected government of Nicaragua and its private sector in ways that it so far refuses to sanction the illegal coup regime of Honduras and its private backers has revealed one important fact: That Washington has already determined that “it’s appropriate” to deny MCC funds to a country for lighter and more transient reasons than those that exist to sanction a coup regime in another. Didn’t a certain US President, last weekend, speak the word “hypocrisy” in the context of the US and the Honduras coup?"
Too Cute by Half on Honduras, Mr. President (tags)
" I don’t worry or weep for Latin America or Honduras. The people united will never be defeated, and our authentic journalists, myself included, will be there alongside them reporting their every step in community organizing and civil resistance to win back what basic democratic principles establish is rightfully theirs. It really doesn't matter how much money or oxygen Washington gives to the Honduras coup regime: that baby is going down, and will go down hard, at the hands of an organized people."
These are the Coup Leaders, They Will be Judged! (tags)
Their pictures at: http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/kristin-bricker/2009/07/these-are-coup-leaders-they-will-be-judged
Coup regime in Honduras seeks to close media that report it’s activities (tags)
"This morning’s televised threat by coup General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez to “go after them” – the leaders of the civil resistance to the coup – also included broadcasters and journalists. Radio Globo, after its first shutdown at the hands of military soldiers, won a court order to reopen and has broadcasted constantly since June 29. If not for its news team and conductors and the thousands of calls they have received live on the air from Honduran citizens, the nationwide public would not know the real facts about what has been happening to their country."
Coup General: "We're Going After the Protest Leaders" (tags)
"The clock is ticking on this coup regime. And on television this morning, one could see the fear in the eyes of the macho generals that try so hard to show a fearless face. Their days are numbered, not because the other countries of the hemisphere and the world reject the coup, but so much more importantly, because the Honduran people are organizing to put a stop to it all by themselves. The coup generals don't have an end game. The civil resistance does, and is unanimous in it: The toppling of the coup regime, the reinstatement of the elected government, and a Constitutional Convention to remake their nation in a more authentically democratic form."
Former U.S. Ambassador Roger Noriega hired to push Honduran putsch agenda (tags)
"On one side are foreign oligarchs seeking to cloak their self-interested pecuniary agenda under the mantle of U.S. national security and from that concealed, disingenuous platform are working to trump even democracy. On the other side, in the streets of Honduras, and from below all across the Americas, are the forces of authentic democracy, fighting back the only way they can — with their hearts, minds and the blood of their convictions. Stay tuned …."
Honduran Democracy Can Only Be Asserted from Below (tags)
"Democracy, however, can always be asserted from below, when an organized people stand up. That is the next chapter in Honduras, its best - and probably its only - hope. Update: Arias' efforts to convene, today, eleventh hour last chance "talks," are officially not happening
Peaceful Blockades vs. Coup Paralyze Honduras (tags)
"Support the Honduran people in this important struggle to beat back the coup. Obama is sure not going to do it. "
It’s Still a Military Coup in Honduras (tags)
"We’ve already praised the singular work of TeleSur, and also of the courageous Hondurans who have broken the information blockade from below, filming coup abuses and the massive protests against them on their cell phones and uploading important videos to YouTube. And we’ve cheered as many corporate media organizations have become dependent on those reports-from-below in their own coverage. I’d like to add another media that deserves such recognition: Few have done the heavy lifting that Chiapas Indymedia has done, mainly in Spanish, to publish the communiqués, photos and videos that document the massive and organized nature of the Honduran grassroots movements with which it has worked and supported for years. (While the world mostly ignored Honduras in recent years, Chiapas Indymedia was shipping community radio transmitters and organizing communications workshops among Catrachos; that planting and cultivating bears significant fruit today in the information that does break out from behind the walls of censorship and simulation)."
Zapatistas! Cucapa fishing is impacted by Colorado dams/diversions (tags)
Zapatista peace camp with Cucapa on Rio Colorado defends fishing rights, address loss of freshwater to delta, theft of agua by agribusiness corporations..
THE LAST DAYS IN OAXACA - A REPORT BACK BY XOCHITL (tags)
Dear friends and family, After about a week of traveling around Mexico, on the run after our arrest, we returned to Oaxaca for a few days before leaving the country. It was a beguiling, heart-wrenching and stressful time.
The Coup d’Etat in Mexico (tags)
As a New Regime Prepares to Seize Control December 1, Promising a New Wave of Repression, the Antidote Is Being Born from Below
Zapatistas in Atenco: Chapias Caracoles Reopen (tags)
Zapatista leaders meet in San Salvador de Atenco and discuss future plans.
Oaxaca Facing Imminent Attack (tags)
September 30, 2006 - The below is from Nancy Davies, who is based in Oaxaca and writes frequently on the situation there for Narco News. While the threat of a mass attack has seemed to always be in the air, the situation in recent days has really escalated. Now an attack seems imminent.
APPEAL FOR NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL AID
The word I have now is that there are about 5,000 men wearing army uniforms who are not army, but police, culled from other states like Vercruz and Morelia, that is to say, this is a PRI operation, not the federal troops, altho I don't know how our source explains the "naval" helicopters (maybe not?). The "police" are heavily armed, and the attack is supposed to happen around 10:00 PM Oaxaca time. The attack, code name cicloncinco, was revealed by the same person who informed our friend that there would be a drive-by shooting last night, which came true.
True. Ask any American in Miami. if there are any left.
i love latinos they are so nice they are gods gift to america and the world.....
Quinta MegaMarcha photos and SlideShow: Por un Oaxaca Mejor (tags)
SlideShow of photos taken on September 1st, 2006, during Oaxaca's 5th MegaMarcha which started in the community of San Felipe and ended at the zócalo in the center of Oaxaca City. Hundreds of thousands of people lined the streets and marched to demand the immediate departure of Ulises Ruiz Ortiz (URO), liberation for political prisoners, the cancellation of 70 government arrest warrants for people involved in the leaderless Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca (APPO, by its Spanish initials) movement and the desire for popular governance. (4:22 minutes / 6.5 MB)
Mexico: Partial Vote Recount Confirms Massive and Systematic Election Fraud (tags)
not your daddys mexico...unless you are duh-bya
500 Women Take Over TV Station in Bloodless Coup Against State/Corporate Media (tags)
author: The women of Oaxaca Rock!
May 1: Zapatistas/ La Otra 2 March on US Embassy in Solidarity with Migrants (tags)
"It was there that Marcos decided to drop an information bomb on two governmental powers: the Mexican federal government and 'the Yankee Embassy' of Washington and Wall Street:
Bolivia: Chronology of an Authentic Netwar (tags)
The is a must read by all who want to change the world!
Zero Hour in Bolivia: What to Watch for Today (tags)
Today, the ghosts of Bolivia’s 180 years of simulated democracy will haunt the empty halls of the Bolivian Congress in La Paz at 10:30 a.m. as the Senators and Deputies of the disgraced official parties convene 740 kilometers away, in Sucre, to sign a death warrant on a nation’s hopes for authentic democracy.
Help Protect Your Journalists at an Hour of Moral Crisis (tags)
"This is an hour of moral crisis from Bolivia to the Border. Our journalists – your journalists – at Narco News are in the line of fire. Yet they are there, at the front, with smiles on their faces and a passion for reporting the truth in their hearts. I know you agree, as we do, with the philosopher Dante Alighieri when he wrote: “The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in times of great moral crises maintain their neutrality.” Today I plead with you to not be neutral at this hour when authentic democracy and Authentic Journalism in Latin America are flexing their muscles at the very moment when the powers long accustomed to imposing their will on our América are losing their grip: No one is more dangerous than a tyrant when he realizes that the jig is up. And that makes this very hopeful moment also a precarious one."
Narco News Benefit in LA, May 16 (tags)
A night of music and comedy at Orchid Restaurant Bar & Lounge, to benefit the Narco News School of Authentic Journalism
Wanted: 100 New Friends in L.A. Area (tags)
Wanted: 100 New Friends in Los Angeles (and environs) to organize and attend The Fund for Authentic Journalism’s first fundraising event, and the announcement of the 2004 scholarship recipients....
Announcing 37 Scholarships in Authentic Journalism (tags)
From July 30th to August 8th, 2004, the Narco News J-School Comes to Cochabamba and the Coca-Growing Chapare Region of Bolivia...
URGENT ACTION: NARCO NEWS NEEDS OUR SUPPORT! (tags)
I really don't know what has happened, quite possibly harrassment or threats from you know who, there has even been a journalist from Narco News murdered. Whatever is going on, Narco News needs our support and help! Support real journalism! Support Narco News Bulletin! Please distribute and get active!
Al Giordano interviews Latuff (tags)
Exclusive interview with Brazilian cartoonist Latuff for Al Giordano's Big, Left, Outside.
Doing the US's Dirty Work: The Colombian Paramilitaries and Israel (tags)
''I copied the concept of paramilitary forces from the Israelis.'' -Carlos Castano, Mi Confesion, 2002
Colombia, not Iraq, is Haunting the Empire (tags)
Publisher's Note: While the population of the United States is transfixed in front of the screen, obsessed with the "war" that Power wants them to see, that Power designed to distract them from all other realities, a long-running war continues to rage in our own hemisphere; a 50 years war: The Colombian Civil War.
USA Bad Boys: Blackmail and US Intervention in latin America (tags)
US addictions haunt and terrorize world: OIL, WEAPONS, DRUGS. US BAD BOYS and friends in Latin America held power for decades. Now they are run out of town by Hugo Chavez, people of Bolivia and New Ideas. Guns and Money aren’t enough anymore–Hope lives –Struggle Consumes…
pbnberkeley news notice - 1/27/03 (tags)
Publishing, republishing and compiling community news and event information promoting global peace and working class solidarity and NO WAR ON IRAQ!
Oil coup-strike-lockout is for the rich. Help President Chavez! Search Venezuela news. (tags)
In 1974 80% of oil income went to the state. Today 80% of Venezuelan oil income goes to the rich, and to "operating costs." Only 20% goes to the state. Chavez reforms will help reverse this in January 2003. This is why the coup-plotters, "strike"-promoters, and corporate media are in such a hurry to overthrow the fairly-ELECTED Chavez government. They want to prevent these reforms, and reverse others already-implemented. Reforms that help the poor and lower middle class. Massive corporate-media disinformation, destabilization campaign going on inside Venezuela. Support President Chavez! Please forward widely.
Venezuela: Class Conflict and US Intervention (tags)
The upper class and US CIA are a problem in many countries. Combined with a corrupt media they use protest tactics to cause disruption and chaos with staged media events and lock-outs masquerading as popular general strikes.
Venezuelan Masses Support Chavez. Corporate media lieing as usual (tags)
read http://www.narconews.com The corporate media spinners are doing all they can to bring down the democratically elected president of venezuela. The strike by the rich in venezuela has been defeated.
BREAKING NEWS: Venezuelan People Surround TV Stations (tags)
December 10, 2002, 2 a.m. ET Please Distribute Widely BREAKING NEWS Dear Colleagues, Alex Main reports from Caracas that masses of Venezuelans have peacefully surrounded all the commercial TV stations in the country to protest the dishonest simulating efforts by these media giants to provoke a coup d'etat:
BTL:Workers Party Candidate Lula Da Silva's Landslide Victory in... (tags)
...Brazil's Presidential Election Changes the World's Political Landscape Interview with Steve Cobble,of the Center for international Policy, conducted by Scott Harris
Marines Ordered into Colombia. (tags)
Bush has allegedly become a zealot in his drive to eliminate terrorism worldwide, and sees the FARC in that light. Reliable sources say that to ensure that the rest of the US sees them similarly, US government operatives at work in Colombia have been responsible for many of the bombings that have been laid at the feet of the FARC in recent months.
BTL:'Lula' and His Workers Party Poised to Win Brazilian Presidency (tags)
Interview with Luis Gomez, Andean bureau chief with Narco News conducted by Scott Harris
Narco News Offers Journalism Scholarship (tags)
The Narco News website is offering a journalism class to several aspiring journalists.
Becas en el Periodismo Auténtico de Narco News (tags)
Buscamos algunos cuantos buenos provocadores...
Committee to Protect Journalists is a Fraud (tags)
I hope everyone reads this...
Open Letter To Committee to Protect Journalists (tags)
I write to inform you of specific acts and immediate threats against journalists in Venezuela, and to ask you 12 questions, as a journalist, about your organization's previous statements regarding press freedom issues in that country. I hope that your organization will take immediate action to defend these journalists at risk, and that you will offer full and honest answers to the 12 questions.
Bush Administration Poised to Escalate US Involvement in Colombia's Civil War (tags)
Between The Lines' Scott Harris spoke with investigative journalist Al Giordano, publisher of the online magazine Narco News, who takes a critical look at the Bush admin's plan for deeper involvement in Colombia's four-decade-long civil war.
Colombia Voters Reject U.S. War (tags)
When Colombian voters went to the polls yesterday to elect a new Congress, they massively rejected the candidates of the traditional ruling two-party system of the Conservative and Liberal parties.
The Colombian Revolution Will Be Reported. Communique From Narco News Bulletin (tags)
February 21, 2002 Pastrana and the FARC: The Peace Talks Show is Over Narco News '02 Drug War Goes Boom in Colombia
Quick reference guide for Latuff's art on Web (tags)
Compiled in January 03, 2002
‘Narco News’ Ready for Libel Suit in New York (tags)
According to statements made in 2000 by Al Giordano, publisher of the Mexican-based NarcoNews.com, Hernández has also been called a money launderer and a drug dealer. Giordano says he has reviewed published photos and testimony suggesting that Hernández has shared his Yucatán beachfront with the boats and planes of the cocaine trade.
FARC to Narco News on Repressive Logic of Drug (tags)
I am a guerrilla soldier in the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Popular Army, FARC-EP. In my country we are victims, perhaps like no one else in the world, of the arbitrary policies of the government of the United States, particularly in recent times, with the implementation of Plan Colombia.
FARC writes to Narco News (tags)
I am a guerrilla soldier in the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - Popular Army, FARC-EP. In my country we are victims, perhaps like no one else in the world, of the arbitrary policies of the government of the United States, particularly in recent times, with the implementation of Plan Colombia.
Tonight on WBAI: Banamex Sues to Censor Narco.News (tags)
Tonight at 1.30 am EST Narco News Editor Alberto Giordano will talk about the efforts of Banamex (Bank of Mexico) to censor the website Narco.News by means of a libel lawsuit. Join the discussion by calling 212.209.2900 or joining in online at http://reclaimthe.net/forum
U.S. TARGETS CHAVEZ OF VENEZUELA (tags)
El País: U.S. Targets Chávez of Venezuela
Mexican army chased from base by Zapatistas (tags)
Mexican army chased from base by Zapatistas, in a peaceful New Year's Eve occupation. The Zapatistas cut electric power and toppled antennas. President Vicente Fox ordered the closure of the base shortly thereafter.