Speech at the Joint American Library Association/Canadian Library Association Conference
by Naomi Klein June 24 2003
And thank you all for coming here this morning.
I also want to thank my research assistant Debra Levy who happens to be a librarian and tutored me in all things bookish in preparation for this speech.
Every speech in the world begins like that - the pro-forma thank yous. I've done it plenty of times on autopilot.
But this time is different.
The fact that the ALA decided to come to Toronto - my city - despite SARS, became for me a sort of beacon of sanity in what seems an increasingly insane world.
When things seemed to be spiraling into an apocalypse of violence, illness, fundamentalisms and hysteria, I would check the ALA website and make sure that yes, the librarians were still coming:
The U.S. and Britain might have gone to war based on no evidence of Weapons of Mass Destruction. My neighbours might be wearing masks to go to the corner store even though no one has been infected that way.
And yet some people are still thinking, still making decisions based on facts. The librarians are coming to Toronto.
So I do not take your presence here for granted.
Nor do I take for granted the idea that thousands of us can gather together in a room like this and freely exchange ideas, even controversial and critical ones.
These are new sentiments for me. I confess that until very recently, I took open borders and open forums for granted. Of course we are free to move, free to speak our minds - what else would we be?
I don't feel that way anymore. I feel like we are losing freedoms every day.
Much of this comes from internally imposed restrictions: We are more afraid: of each other. Who is going to infect us? Who is going to blow us up? Who is going to blow the whistle on us for being anti-American - for saying the wrong thing, or reading the wrong book?
We curtail our own freedoms out of fear of what might happen.
But we also have reason to be afraid, some of us much more than others.
I don't have to tell you this. Librarians in the United States are on the front line of the attacks on privacy and civil liberties.
The Patriot Act has put you there. You know how little evidence - in fact, none - is required to invade your users' privacy. That any law enforcement official can demand to see a record of the books your users have taken out and the Internet sites they have visited - without so much as claiming "probable cause."
I was shocked to read in The New York Times a quote from Anne Turner, director of the Santa Cruz Public Library System, talking about how her libraries are shredding users' records on a daily basis.
She said: "The basic strategy now is: keep as little historical information as possible."
It has actually come to this: professional archivists, the people who value information and history most, driven to shred their own records for fear of how they could be abused.
You all know this is happening and yet when you gather here with your colleagues to discuss the pressing issues facing your profession, you cannot even tell each other if you have been subjected to one of these searches.
It's the not knowing that kills me: not knowing how many records have been rifled through, how many people have been detained, for how long, how many face deportation.
So my thank you this morning is not one of those pro-forma thank yous: I truly am thankful that we can talk like this. And I am especially thankful that the ALA decided to come to Toronto.
Your choice is highly relevant to my topic today.
I was asked to talk about globalization.
SARS, and other highly infections diseases, are very much a part of globalization, though a side of globalization that our politicians generally don't like to talk about.
The official discourse about globalization is usually about things, stuff: goods and services being traded across borders.
But globalization is also about people - the effect of that movement of goods and services on people.
And one of the effects is that people move:
We travel, we migrate, we look for better opportunities.
Maybe the people who move were displaced by a war, or by a mega-dam that drowned their village, or an industrial farm that pushed them off their land.
What I argue in my book Fences and Windows is that the current lopsided vision of globalization has been about freeing money and goods while trying to control and contain people.
So we in rich countries are told that we can have all the benefits of trade - cheap products, access to the world at our fingertips - without the messy people.
We are told that we can live in bubbles of security while the rest of the world boils with poverty, disease and violence.
What SARS reminds us of - in a relatively small way - is that we human beings, regardless of national borders, are connected to each other - whether we like it or not. Globalization is for real.
A flu in Hong Kong is connected to a conference in Toronto. An air conditioner in New York is connected to a flood in Sri Lanka, and a famine in Malawi.
One continent's pandemic becomes another's illness. One people's fury becomes every country's fear. One nation's war becomes another's refugee crisis.
No border is truly secure.
Our skins - the borders of our own bodies - don't protect us from disease.
Just as the borders of our nations cannot protect us from terror.
We humans, much as we tell ourselves otherwise, are porous: our nations, our bodies.
No matter what armour we use to make ourselves feel safe and protected, whether face masks, or elaborate alarm systems inside gated communities, or weapons of mass destructions, we will never be entirely sealed off.
And so the question of the global age is not "Is globalization good or bad?"
It is: how are we going to pull this thing off?
Will the values that connect us be profit or justice? Fear or solidarity?
Are we going to keep trying to build better bubbles? Wrap ourselves in Saran Wrap and turn our nations into police states?
Have even more grotesque invasions of libraries by the FBI under the Patriot Act?
Or do we go another route?
Your coming here to Toronto - despite the SARS hysteria - was defiantly, beautifully global. Many of you were afraid - and understandably so - but you came anyway.
We need more such acts of brazen connectedness, more flagrant, defiant openness. A human globalization to answer corporate globalization.
When I look out at this room I see people who represent values that are distinctly different from the ones that currently govern the globe.
These values are, in no particular order:
But you didn't and the very notion that that some things that are so important that cannot be fully owned and contained is under siege around the world.
Why? A simple, prosaic reason: Because there is money to be made. The global economy is in recession. There aren't nearly enough middle class people in the world to consume all of the cheap products that are being produced.
That means that the current stage of globalization is not simply about "trade" in the traditional sense of selling more products across borders. It is about feeding the market's insatiable need for growth by redefining entire sectors that were previously considered part of "the commons" - and not for sale - as "products."
When we talk about free trade or globalization, what we are really talking about is the fencing in, the enclosing, of the commons.
This has reached into every aspect of our lives: health and education, of course, but also ideas, seeds, now purchased and patented, as well as traditional remedies, plants, water and even human genes - the privatization of life itself.
And as you know, it is also reaching into libraries.
Information - your stock and trade - ranks just below fuel as the most precious commodity coursing through the global economy.
The U.S.'s single largest export is not manufactured goods or arms or food, it is copyrights - patents on everything from books to drugs.
The implications are not abstract, as I have learned in my research.
I was in South Africa a little less than a year ago. It was during the World Summit on Sustainable Development - or Rio plus 10. All the talk was of Public Private Partnerships: the solution to hunger would come, voluntarily, from Monsanto, while thirst would be dealt with by Suez and Bechtel.
Yet in the poor townships, privatization has meant that 40,000 households lose access to electricity every month. Hundreds of thousands have been forced to drink from cholera infested rivers.
I went to a community meeting about water cut offs in Durban. A woman stood up named Orlean Naidoo.
She said something that really stuck with me: "There are people in this country who have made a mistake. They think that water is like gold or diamonds. But you don't need gold or diamonds to survive. Water isn't diamonds. It's life."
Water isn't the only thing that is fundamental to life. So is shelter. So, I would argue, is knowledge. So is medicine.
And yet tell that to the trade tribunals that have allowed drug companies to sue governments like Brazil for daring to produce generic life saving AIDS drugs and distribute them for free to those in need.
Would that life-saving drugs were shared like library books, simply because people need them to live and can't afford to pay.
But sharing is under siege.
It is the sworn enemy of the global market - which is why so much of international trade law is designed to criminalize sharing.
Forget Napster, and the crackdowns on pirated CDs and software.
In Cochabamba Bolivia, the uprising against Bechtel was sparked by the fact that under the contract, it became illegal to collect rainwater, since the company had bought all water rights.
In India, farmers are sued by Monsanto for engaging in the age old practice of saving their seeds and sharing them with their neighbours - they are supposed to buy them anew each year from Monsanto.
This is the essence of free trade: making sure that absolutely nothing - whether books or water or ideas - is offered for free.
The role of international trade law must be understood not only as taking down "barriers to trade" - as it claims - but as a legal process that systematically puts up new barriers - around knowledge, technology and the commons itself, through fiercely protective patent and trademark law.
There is absolutely nothing free about it.
Most of you probably didn't think that helping people to share books was subversive when you decided to become librarians.
And it shouldn't be: sharing, giving, saving and reusing are the most human of impulses and we are at our best and most human when we act on them. The desire to share, as you know, is immense.
Yet the fact is that you have chosen a profession that has become radical.
Being a librarian today means being more than an archivist, more than a researcher, more than an educator - it means being a guardian the embattled values of knowledge, public space and sharing that animate your profession.
You may not have chosen it but the fight against privatization and in defense of the public good has been thrust upon you - by the mania for privatization, public private partnerships, and outsourcing. It has also been thrust upon you by GATS: the General Agreement on Trade and Services, a World Trade Organization side agreement.
Now before we wade into those waters, a warning: GATS is purposefully confusing, designed to prompt lay people to delegate the whole mess to the "experts" who will rob them blind.
But you aren't lay people; you're librarians. So let's give it a try.
There are two main problems with GATS: one is that it takes privatizations and locks them in so they become irreversible.
The other is that it takes partial privatizations - like outsourcing or fee-for-service within a public system - and uses it as a legal wedge to force full privatization.
So let's talk about the first problem: locking privatization in.
You are all familiar with the infamous case of Hawaii's State Library system's 1995 decision to outsource book selection to a private company in North Carolina.
Like all outsourcing and privatization, it was supposed to offer greater efficiency at less cost.
In fact is was universally recognized as a disaster:
Lots of padding with cheap books, 61 copies of Newt Gingrich's novel, geographically inappropriate books like A Practical Guide to Lambs and Lamb Caring - in Hawaii.
It wasn't more efficient, it wasn't better. The contract was cancelled, and the policy was changed.
It became a learning experience.
Under GATS, that could never happen. GATS strips us of our right to learn from our mistakes. It denies us our right to be prudent: to try something, see if it works, and if not, change our minds.
A few examples:
The British rails. In October, The Guardian newspaper got its hands on a leaked government report about GATS and its rail system. The privatization of Britain's rails is seen by most people as a scandal: accidents have increased, the trains are late, fares keep going up.
And yet the document published by the Department of Trade and Industry said that that in order to comply with GATS they would have to "fully bind the existing regime for road and rail" - in effect locking privatization in indefinitely and preventing re-nationalization, regardless of whether or not the public demanded it or voted for it.
A year ago in Canada, the city of Vancouver was about to privatize its water filtration system. The council backed out at the last minute, not because it was against privatization per se but because after studying other cases, it realized that it would lose the right to reverse the decision down the road.
That's what happened in Cochamaba Bolivia when the water was privatized by Bechtel: in 2000, there was a popular revolt against the fact that privatization had brought rate increased of 50 per cent or higher. Bechtel was forced to pull out. But now the company is suing the Bolivian government for $25-million for breaking the contract.
Far from making services more efficient and quicker on their feet, these rules merely lock in bad deals and rob citizens of their right to adapt - to change their minds.
Onto the second problem: using partial privatizations as a wedge to force full privatizations.
The way GATS works is that countries can take entire sectors out of the global market and declare them public services - but they have to go all the way, there are no half-way public services.
Many trends, as you know, are pushing you towards a two-tiered library system: charging for special orders, and for Internet use, outsourcing ordering, even opening bookstores inside libraries.
These measures are a response to the same issues that pushed public schools to invite advertising into their classrooms or public hospitals to start charging for selective services: a desperate shortfall of government funds.
Hawaii's outsourcing debacle didn't arrive out of the blue - it was a panicked response to the fact that the state had cut the library budget by 25 per cent.
Under GATS, the problem is that these partial privatizations could well be used against you to force complete de-funding of libraries.
Private research providers, bookstores, and video store chains could go to trade court and argue that they are being discriminated against because they don't get public subsidies and you do.
Trust me on this: Barnes and Noble is not your friend, even if they do hand out cool tote bags.
And the big publishers may be wining and dining you this week - but that doesn't mean they won't sue you in trade court for offering electronic books and journals for free.
Yes, it's outrageous. But it's also happening.
Here in Canada, UPS launched a challenge against Canada Post - the national postal service - saying that they were being discriminated against because the Canadian government was subsidizing their competition. If having a public post office is an unfair trade barrier, having a public library could be too.
There are already three ominous signs.
So, what can you do to halt this process?
The primary recourse libraries have is that governments have the authority under GATS to exclude the public services they choose.
But if you think your governments are going to go to the wall to protect libraries - instead of using it a bargaining chip to push other countries to open up their water and prison markets - I fear that you are mistaken.
I know that U.S. Trade Representative Robert Zoellick hand-wrote a letter to the president of the ALA saying that you don't have to worry about GATS. And p.s. "my first job was in a library so you can be sure I share your commitment to this valuable public service."
That may be. But the thing is, Robert Zoellick works for the same administration that showed exactly how it feels about libraries - and about history and culture in general - when it stood by while Iraq's libraries burned to the ground, its museums were looted and Iraq was turned into a country with no past.
As Robert Fisk wrote from Baghdad on April 15: "For Iraq, this is Year Zero; with the destruction of the antiquities in the Museum of Archeology and the burning of the National Archives and then the Koranic library, the cultural identity of Iraq is being erased."
"Why?" he asked.
I don't know. But I do know that erasing a culture isn't bad preparation for AOL-Time Warner and Viacom to come in a sell a shiny new, pre-packaged one.
I'm not saying that was the plan. But I'm willing to say that the reason it wasn't stopped - even though the danger was well known to the Pentagon - is because wiping out Iraqi culture posed no threat to "U.S. interests in the region" - as the hawks like to say.
How else to explain Donald Rumsfeld's response? When asked how he felt about destruction of Iraq's museaums and libraries he offered words that will go down in history: "Stuff Happens."
And so I congratulate the ALA for its courageously worded resolution condemning the destructions of these acts that will come before the council tomorrow. It's none of my business, of course, but I do hope it passes.
It shouldn't be surprising that the U.S. government cannot appreciate what has been lost in Iraq's libraries - there is precious little evidence that it can appreciate what is being lost when its own libraries are ravaged by state cutbacks at home.
When all four branches of the public library in Binghamton, New York are shut down entirely, as they were in December. The books weren't burned - nothing so dramatic - they were just put into storage.
Or when California Governor Gray Davis actually proposes cutting library funds from $31.5 million this year to $1 million next year - 31.5-million to 1-Million!!!
It looks like about half of that is going to be restored, but let's be clear: neither U.S. nor Canadian librarians can trust either your state, provincial or federal politicians to stand up for you at the World Trade Organization - you can't even trust them to stand up for you at home.
All is not lost, however.
There are measures you can take to protect yourselves.
The best way you can preserve the state funding you currently receive is to resist the temptation to partially privatize your precious public spaces - whether by letting advertisements into libraries, or co-branding with Microsoft, or outsourcing more of your core services.
The more you allow the lines to be blurred between a library and a superstore, or a library and - heaven forbid, Google Answer - the more these multinationals will be able to turn around and claim that you are robbing them of their rightful market share.
Partial privatizations will be used as the thin edge of the wedge - the legal precedent -to force more complete privatization down the road.
It's already happening with water, health care, sewers, and energy. Why - when information is so profitable - would libraries be immune?
There's another reasons to resist partial privatizations. No matter what you do, libraries are going to have to fight for their very existence. That means you are going to need your most valuable asset on your side: library users. Your communities will have to fight for you and with you.
If that's going to happen, your users have to know in their bones that there is no comparison between a chain of book superstores, or an Internet café, and a genuine community library. They have to feel your "public-ness" - which is about much more than whether or not your funding comes from the state and whether your services are free.
It's about that ephemeral quality that gives a community a sense of collective ownership over a space. You know what it takes much better than I: An ongoing, never-ending conversation between the library and the community it serves.
A presence in people's lives that goes beyond anything offered by the market: great librarians teach children to love reading, they introduce young adults to the thrill of research, and they become de facto social workers for adults who turn to the library when they have lost their jobs.
They also provide physical space for people of all ages to debate the issues that matter to them
The other thing that gives people a sense of ownership over their public institutions is accountability to the community (as opposed to their shareholders): that means running libraries transparently, openly and when possible, democratically.
It means not just being public but feeling public.
Book store chains can imitate that feeling with local interest sections and story times, Amazon can talk about "community stake holders," but a marketing concept will never be able to replicate the passion that flows from an institution that is truly an outgrowth of the people it serves.
That passion, that sense of collective ownership, is your greatest protection in the unavoidable battles ahead.
Remember that the next time a management consultant tells you that the only way to save your library is to act more like a corporation, or to turn your library into a bargain Barnes and Noble.
Not only won't it work, it will hurt you in the future when your users don't fight for you because they can't tell the difference between public and private space.
The best way to stay public is to be public - truly, defiantly, radically public.
It's your suit of armor. Wear it with pride.
You committed an act of faith in coming here to Toronto. Actually, it wasn't an act of faith, but a sober, clear-eyed judgment. I trust it is the beginning of many more acts of practical bravery. Our times call for nothing less.
Thank you for coming, thank you for being here - I really, really mean it.