In the land of the free, what business does the government have in your bedroom? Can gay celibacy be imposed by law? Supreme court to decide Texas Sodomy case. GLBT community prepares to celebrate or protest.
Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgender community awaits Supreme Court ruling
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Tyron Garner and John Lawrence |
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On September 17, 1998, John Lawrence and Tyron Garner were having sex in the bedroom of John's apartment in Houston. They were adults and the relationship was consensual. They left the front door unlocked. Police officers, responding to a false call and looking for an armed intruder, entered the apartment with their guns drawn. John and Tyron were arrested for violating the Texas sodomy law – a relic of our intolerant past that no modern nation should tolerate still. The two men spent the night in jail, were fined 0 each, and are now considered sex offenders in several states.
Unlucky circumstance for sure, but sodomy laws are still alive and well in 13 US states. John Lawrence and Tyron Garner were not the first nor the last to suffer from legalized homophobia.
Interestingly enough, this gay-bashing hysteria didn't start with the founding of Jamestown. In the old days, as an amicus curiae filed with the Supreme Court by historians points out, proscription of non-procreative sexual activities (including masturbation and sodomy) applied indiscriminately to male-female, male-male, and human-animal relations. At that time, "'Sodomy' was not the equivalent of 'homosexual conduct.'" It was understood to be a "discrete act" and not a person's sexual orientation. The Cato Institute's amicus curiae explains the purpose of those sodomy laws not as regulation of homosexual conduct but "protection of the community against public indecency" and "protection of children, women, and weaker men against sexual assault."
But by the beginning of the 20th century lawmakers started singling out "sexual inversion" (i.e. homosexuality) as illegal. "Discriminating against certain citizens on the basis of their homosexual status is an unprecedented project of the twentieth century," write the historians.
This peaked from the 1930s to the 1960s. "Gay men and women were labeled 'deviants,' 'degenerates,' and 'sex criminals' by the medical profession, government officials, and the mass media." Indeed, in the 1960s, all fifty states had some sort of sodomy law to criminalize oral and anal intercourse between consenting adults, including in the privacy of their homes. Some of those laws applied to all, while others specifically singled out homosexuals. Whatever the case, it's gay and bisexual men that were made to suffer the full brunt of those pernicious enactments. Labeled as "sexual psychopaths" by those laws, they were subjected to "witch hunts, arrested, imprisoned, deported, debarred from entering the country, discharged from pubic employment and exposed as 'sex perverts' to their families, employers, and communities" according to the Cato Institute's amicus curiae, as well as subjected to long incarceration and "medical experimentation and torture."
Texas, running a bit behind the trend, or perhaps in reaction to Stonewall and the nascent gay movement, decriminalized heterosexual sodomy in 1973 while at the same time specifically criminalizing homosexual sodomy.
That law, section 21.06 of the Texas Criminal Code, is what got John Lawrence and Tyron Garner in trouble. And now that law has been accepted for reviewed by the Supreme Court.
Not for the fist time is the Supreme Court reviewing a sodomy law, mind you. In 1986 the Georgia sodomy law was challenged all the way to the Supreme Court by a gay man – Michael Hardwick. It quickly became one of the most infamous civil rights cases, known as Bowers v. Hardwick, and a decidedly unpleasant milestone in the history of gay liberation. The legal challenge was bases on the federal right to privacy.
Michael Hardwick was a bartender in a gay bar in Atlanta and targeted for harassment by the police. In 1982 officers were let into Hardwick's apartment to serve a warrant and found him in his bedroom having oral sex with another man. Both were arrested on charges of sodomy. Those charges were later dropped, but Michael courageously brought the case forward with the purpose of having the sodomy law declared unconstitutional once and for all.
Alas, it wasn't to be. In a 5 to 4 decision the Supreme Court ruled that nothing in the Constitution allows gay people to engage in consensual sodomy.
The Georgia sodomy law was finally struck down 12 years later, in 1998, by a 6 to 1 vote of the Georgia Supreme Court. The court ruled that the law violated the right to privacy guaranteed by the state Constitution. Victory at long last! The law had lasted 182 years. "We cannot think of any other activity that reasonable persons would rank as more private and more deserving of protection from governmental interference than consensual, private, adult sexual activity," said Chief Justice Robert Benham.
So the right to privacy in one's bedroom did finally prevail, if not under US Construction, then under Georgia Constitution. Yet the problem remained: sodomy laws are still constitutional in all states other than Georgia.
As for Bowers, Georgia's Attorney General at the time and chief defender of the sodomy law, it was later discovered that while he was prosecuting Michael Hardwick for sodomy, he was at the same time pursuing a 10-year long adulterous affair with an office employee – a crime under Georgia law of same classification as sodomy and carrying the same penalty. Needless to say, this little exercise in hypocrisy didn't serve him well when he ran for governor last year.
The 1986 Supreme Court ruling in Bowers v. Hardwick has become widely regarded as absurd, if not outright shameful, ranking in infamy not far below the Dred Scott case of 1857. "The Hardwick ruling has been used to deny gay men and lesbians jobs, housing, and custody of their children," says Ruth Harlow of Lambda Legal. Furthermore, "Sodomy laws have also been put forward as a purported rationale against enacting civil rights laws that bar discrimination based on sexual orientation, subjecting gay people to second-class citizenship."
Ruth Harlow, Lambda's Legal Director, with client John Lawrence |
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Now, 17 years later, the Supreme Court has a chance to revisit that decision. The case 02-102, John Geddes Lawrence And Tyron Garner v. Texas, was argued orally on March the 26th. For the plaintiffs attorney Paul Smith contended that the sodomy law should be struck down not only on privacy grounds, but also because it violates the Equal Protection Clause by permitting sexual intimacy only for heterosexual couples and therefore turns gay people into a sexless second class with less rights than other citizens.
For Texas, Harris Country District Attorney Charles Rosenthal argued, rather absurdly, that the law is aimed at protecting marriage, family, and children. He never explained what harm the law is supposedly protecting against, other than moral corruption. "There is no protected right to engage in extra-marital sex [of any kind]," he said, asserting the state's right to regulate any and all sexual practices, even those taking place behind closed doors and among consenting adults.
The court is to decide.
DC, along with most states these days, doesn't have a sodomy law so the outcome won't have any legal ramifications here other than being a great symbolic victory. But just across the Potomac, in Virginia, section 18.2-361 of the Criminal Code is still in the books. You'd think that in this day of age sodomy laws are not enforced anymore, or indeed enforceable at all. Not so. This is how a Virginia cop summed up the situation: "If you leave your window ajar and your neighbor sees some unholy activity taking place and we are called, then we have to investigate. And if we see the same thing through the window, then it's 1 year in jail and 00 fine." The offense if a felony. People get caught in their houses, in cars, in parks, and in all kinds of other places. Often gay men are entrapped in undercover sting operations. Virginia, along with 8 other states, criminalizes sodomy for heterosexual and homosexual couples, but as always it's gay people that suffer most from this law. Texas and 3 other states criminalize homosexual sodomy specifically.
How the Supreme court will rule is impossible to guess. There is no denying that the court is extremely conservative – as becoming of the judicial branch of government – and that the general conservative predisposition of the country toward gay issues isn't helping either. And yet, during oral arguments, some Justices peppered Mr. Rosenthal with pointed questions, at times ridiculing his arguments.
A decision is expected any day now, perhaps as early as Monday. Stay tuned for news and be ready to celebrate or protest.
Protest or celebrate:
On the day the Supreme Court decision is announced:
Additional info about the case:
Lambda Legal:
www.lambdalegal.org/cgi-bin/iowa/documents/record?record=1190
Lambda Legal's brief asking the Supreme Court to hear the case:
www.lambdalegal.org/binary-data/LAMBDA_PDF/pdf/155.pdf
The state of Texas' response asking the Supreme Court not to hear the case:
www.lambdalegal.org/binary-data/LAMBDA_PDF/pdf/171.pdf
Lambda Legal's reply again asking the Supreme Court to hear the case:
www.lambdalegal.org/binary-data/LAMBDA_PDF/pdf/172.pdf
Supreme Court oral arguments transcript:
www.supremecourtus.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/02-102.pdf
NPR's Nina Totenberg on the oral arguments:
discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1207729
The Supreme Court:
www.supremecourtus.gov
Docket (case 02-102):
www.supremecourtus.gov/docket/02-102.htm
Resource on sodomy laws:
www.sodomylaws.org
Original: Gay / Lesbian / Bisexual / Transgender community awaits Supreme Court ruling